玉米行间定点扎穴深施追肥机的设计与试验

    Design and experiment of targeted hole-pricking and deep-application fertilizer applicator between corn rows

    • 摘要: 为解决玉米生长中后期追肥机械化水平低且追肥困难的问题,结合追肥农艺要求,设计了一种玉米行间定点扎穴深施追肥机,能够在行距为600 mm的玉米行间进行追肥作业,1次完成2行玉米追肥。该机采用植株位置探测机构和棘轮离合机构确定扎穴深施追肥的位置,采用水平位移补偿装置和曲柄连杆机构共同控制扎穴施肥机构的运动轨迹,实现玉米定点扎穴深施追肥与扎穴施肥机构在入土排肥过程中垂直运动,满足零速排肥要求,减少肥料滚动。该文采用理论计算与经验设计,对凸轮、探测杆等关键零部件进行了参数设计,采用MATLAB软件对扎穴器尖部运动轨迹进行了仿真分析。追肥机田间追肥性能试验结果表明,排肥轴含肥腔长度为20 mm时的穴追肥量为2.3 g,总排肥量稳定性变异系数为3.2%,平均追肥深度和平均追肥距离分别为91.3和127.5 mm,追肥深度合格率和追肥距离合格率分别为88.3%和96.7%,漏追率为2.7%,相关指标均达到技术要求。该研究为应用于玉米中后期行间精确追肥机械的设计提供了参考。

       

      Abstract: Abstract: Corn is a kind of important food crop and feed source, which is of great significance for solving the grain problem of human. Practices have proved that reasonable topdressing especially nitrogen (N) fertilizers in corn growth period can promote the corn growth effectively and improve the corn yield. Huge bellbottom period for corn is the most important period for applying topdressing, during which vegetative growth and reproductive growth occur at the same time. Meanwhile, it is the fertilization habit to apply topdressing in corn's huge bellbottom period in China. However, with the trend of rural labor transferring to the town in recent years, as well as the main fertilization machinery in the domestic market being handheld, the operation has low working efficiency and great labor intensity. For these reasons, it is more difficult to apply topdressing in the middle and later stage of corn growth, which can't meet the requirement of high yield and high efficiency for corn cultivation. A targeted hole-pricking and deep-application fertilizer applicator, which worked between corn rows with 500-600 mm row spacing, was designed to deal with the difficulties in applying topdressing during the middle and later growth stage of corn, and the fertilizer applicator could fertilize 2 rows in a single pass. The corn plant position detection mechanism and ratchet clutch mechanism were used to determine the position of pricked holes, and the motion locus of hole-pricking and fertilization mechanism was synergistically controlled by a horizontal displacement compensator and a crank-link mechanism, which was aimed to realize the vertical movement in the processes of targeted hole pricking and the fertilizing with zero speed. Key parameters of corn plant position detection mechanism and hole-pricking and fertilization mechanism were determined based on the theoretical calculation and empirical design, the theoretic position of pricking point was calculated at the ideal conditions, and the motion locus of drill point of hole-pricker was simulated using MATLAB. Meanwhile, the structure and working principle of the main working parts of the fertilizer applicator were introduced. The field experiment verifying the working performance of the fertilizer applicator was conducted in July, 2016 in Qingyuan County, Fushen City, Liaoning Province. As indicated in the field experiment results, the fertilizing amount of per hole was 2.3 g when the fertilizer cavity was 20 mm long; the coefficient of variation for total fertilizing amount was 3.2%; the average fertilizing depth was 91.3 mm; the average fertilizing distance was 127.5 mm; the unfinished topdressing rate was 2.7%; and the qualified rates of fertilizing depth and fertilizing distance were 88.3% and 96.7%, respectively. All the related indicators met the technological requirements. The maximum amplitude at vertical direction was 16.2 mm, and side-slip phenomenon was not observed during the field experiment. The fertilizing amount was less than 52.5 kg·hm2 when using the targeted hole-pricking and deep-application fertilizer applicator. In the forward process of fertilizer applicator, the hole-pricking and fertilization mechanism pricked holes vertically, the position of the pricked holes was one-to-one corresponding to the corn plant, and there was small soil disturbance. This study provides reference for the design of precise inter-row fertilizer applicator for corn.

       

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