Abstract: Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impacts of rural labor migration on planting structure in China by using multivariate regression models, which had great significance for the adjustment of planting structure under the background of rapid urbanization. The data came from a nationwide questionnaire survey conducted in 2014 and 2015. The total number of valid household questionnaires was 1580 from 13 provinces, which involved 100 villages in 25 counties. These survey sites covered all main geographic and economic regions across China and the representativeness of the sample could thus be fully guaranteed. The results indicated: 1) Approximately 80.4% of the 1580 households planted grain crops and about 37.2% of the households planted at least one kind of cash crop, such as vegetable, fruit, cotton, and medicinal herb. The cultivation area of cash crops accounted for 13.77% of the total planting area. 2) In general, rural labor migration had significant negative effects on the investment intensity of farmland and the proportion of cash crops in total planting area. However, the significance varied with the migration distance, namely, the households with members working outside their home provinces or near their home villages were more likely to plant fewer cash crops than others. 3) Separate regression for households located around and far away from cities and for those in plains and mountainous areas indicated different impacts of labor migration on agricultural planting and investments in various regions. This regional heterogeneity fully demonstrated the moderating effects of geography and market factors in determining the planting behaviors of rural households. 4) The abundance, quality, and tenure of land resources were important factors influencing the planting behavior of Chinese rural households. Households in regions with denser population, less per capitafarmland area and larger proportion of mountainous area tended to plant more cash crops and invest more capital on the farmland. The improvement of irrigation facilities could significantly improve the planting proportion of vegetables. The land tenure security also had positive influence on the investment intensity of farmland and the proportion of cash crops. 5) The planting structure was also influenced significantly by demographic characteristics of rural households, such as the family size, the number of children in the family and the age and education level of the household head. The social capital of rural households was proven to have significant positive effect on the planting of vegetables, but not on the planting of fruits or the investment intensity of farmland. 6) Households in villages near to a city often had larger proportions of cash crops in total planting area and higher levels of investment intensity on farmland than those in remote areas, representing the importance of market proximity and information accessibility in determining the planting structure in rural China. The 2 rural policies introduced by the central government and vigorously promoted by local governments had different influences on the planting behavior of rural households. Specifically, the effective implementation of farmland transfer could significantly encourage farmers to plant more cash crops by learning from the behavior of agricultural investors from outside of the village, while the development of rural specialized cooperatives did not have similar positive effects on the improvement of rural planting structure or farmland investment. Therefore, this study can provide a reference for the optimization and adjustment ofcultivated landplanting structure in China.