Abstract: Heavy metal pollution in China is a serious threat to the sustainable development of agriculture. Therefore, the Chinese government attaches great importance to the treatment of heavy metal pollution in cultivated land. At the technical level of heavy metal treatment, many scholars have conducted a lot of researches on technical feasibility, restoration effect and pollution monitoring. However, there are few researches on the behavior of farmers to participate in the treatment of heavy metal pollution. At present, China is implementing the fallow policy. During the fallow period, some repair measures are carried out on heavy metal contaminated farmland. What are the behavioral intentions and behavioral responses of the farmers? How to improve farmers' willingness and initiative? This study was carried out in the Chaling County with heavy metal pollution in Hunan Province. And a three-month household survey was conducted in September 2017, and 247 valid samples were eventually used for the research. Based on the theory of planned behavior, a model of farmer's participation in fallow behavior was constructed, and the structural equation model was used to test the applicability of the model. The results show that in the fallow of heavy metal contaminated farmland, farmers' action logic follows "cognition-willingness-behavior" route. The behavioral response of farmers is influenced by their behavioral intention, attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and willingness served as a completely intermediation between cognition and behavior and an indispensable link in action. In addition, the perceived behavioral control not only affects the farmers' behavioral intention, also directly affects the behavioral response. The particularity of heavy metal pollution farmland and risk countermeasures enable farmers maintained a relatively cautious attitude action, the behavior of farmers is closer to the "rational decisions". In order to rationally guide farmers to participate in the fallow and improve fallow policy, the basic principle of the fallow for the heavy metal contaminated farmland is to respect the farmers' intention and stabilize the income of the farmers. In the process of concrete implementation, the compensation standard should be reasonably formulated and timely distributed to ensure the satisfaction of farmers' income compensation. It is necessary not only to strengthen the training of farmers to improve the cognition of their fallow benefits, but also to train rural cadres systematically, so as to better play the coordinating role of the village committee. In addition, during the fallow period, a large number of farmers are left idle. The government needs to provide more involved in fallow governance of jobs, and increase farmers' income. On the one hand, it can better promote farmers' cognitive of fallow and behavior motivation; to some extent, it can avoid the improper management of the company responsible for the treatment of heavy metal pollution.