Abstract: The goal of cultivated land protection should be changed from single food security to double food security and ecological security under the background of ecological civilization. In this study, a compensation standard of cultivated land protection was established from the perspective of food security and ecological security in order to realize the comprehensive compensation of cultivated land protection, improving the effect of cultivated land protection. The provinces of payment compensation and the provinces of receiving compensation for cultivated land protection were established by adopting opportunity cost method, equivalent factor method, shadow price method, etc., for establishing compensation policies of cultivated land protection under the overall arrangement of the central government. A total of 16 provinces (city, autonomous region) showed cultivated land deficit by taking the supply and demand of grain in each province as the starting point to quantify the degree of satisfaction of cultivated land in each province (city, autonomous region) to its food demand from the perspective of food security. Guangdong province presented the most serious cultivated land deficit. A total of 15 provinces (city, autonomous region) showed cultivated land surplus. Heilongjiang presented the largest surplus of cultivated land. The annual income of national construction land use right was obtained according to the pure income of land transfer fee, land use right deed tax and cultivated land occupation tax. Based on this, the compensation standard for cultivated protection from the perspective of food security was established to be 99 000 Yuan per hectare. Nine provinces (city, autonomous region) showed ecological deficit of cultivated land by taking the relationship between the ecological demand and supply of cultivated land in each province (city, autonomous region) as the starting point to quantify the gap between the demand for cultivated land ecological services and the ecological services provided by cultivated land in each province. Guangdong province presented the most serious ecological deficit of cultivated land. A total of 22 provinces (city, autonomous region) showed ecological surplus of cultivated land. Guangxi province presented the largest ecological surplus of cultivated land. The positive value of national cultivated land ecosystem service was 2.96 times of its negative value. Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, residual agricultural mulch, agricultural water consumption, and cultivated land greenhouse gas emissions accounted for 37.31%, 7.85%, 1.47%, 46.85%, and 6.52%, respectively, among the negative values of each part. Agricultural water consumption and chemical fertilizer application were the main sources of negative value of the national cultivated land ecosystem services. The net value of national cultivated land ecosystem services was 8 519.9 Yuan per hectare, and the total net value was 1 149.174 billion Yuan, which was equivalent to 1.4% of the total national GDP that year. The net value of national cultivated land ecosystem services was established as a compensation standard for cultivated land protection from the perspective of ecological security. Provinces (city, autonomous region) in the state of cultivated land ecological deficit from the perspective of ecological security were all in the state of cultivated land deficit from the perspective of food security. Although the six provinces (city, autonomous region) including Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Hainan, Chongqing and Sichuan were in a state of cultivated land deficit from the perspective of food security, they were in a state of cultivated land ecological surplus from the perspective of ecological security. There were 15 provinces (city, autonomous region) with net paying compensation for cultivated land protection from the dual perspectives of food security and ecological security. The net payment amount was from Shanxi (9.082 billion Yuan) to Guangdong (708.048 billion Yuan). From the dual perspective, 16 provinces (city, autonomous region) had net acceptance compensation for cultivated land protection, and the net acceptance compensation amount was from Tibet (16.683 billion Yuan) to Heilongjiang (1 269.265 billion Yuan). The results would help to making policies and measures to promote the compensation of cultivated land protection.