滴灌水肥一体化对温室葡萄生理特性及水肥利用效率的影响

    Effects of integrated management of water and fertilizer on the physiological characteristics and water- fertilizer use efficiency of grapes in greenhouse

    • 摘要: 为探究中国东北地区日光温室种植条件下滴灌水肥一体化对葡萄生长、产量和水肥利用效率的影响,以3年生的"醉金香"葡萄为供试材料,2017-2019年在日光节能温室中开展了水肥一体化试验。试验设置3个灌水水平(W1~W3):W1~W3灌水控制下限分别为田间持水率的50%、60%、70%,灌水上限统一为田间持水率的90%,设置3个施肥水平:低肥F1(60%CK)、中肥F2(75%CK)、高肥F3(90%CK)和对照(CK,灌水控制上下限为田间持水率的80%~90%、施肥量为N-P2O5-K2O为260-119-485 kg/hm2),共计10个处理。结果表明:1)果实膨大期是水肥一体化对新梢生长调控最为主要的时期,其与开花坐果期也是利用水肥对葡萄叶面积指数进行调控最关键的时期。对于生长指标而言,W3F1、W2F3、W2F2等处理均为相对于CK的正向处理,即优于该处理或与该处理无显著性差异(P>0.05)。2)W3F2、W3F1、W2F3、W3F3等处理的叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率均是相对于CK的正向处理。瞬时水分利用效率变化范围在1.60~3.74 μmol/(mmol)之间,W2F2、W3F1、W3F3均为相对于CK的正向处理。3)灌水和水肥交互作用对产量的影响达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。W3F2、W3F1、W3F3、W2F3处理为相对CK的产量正向处理,过高的灌溉、施肥水平会导致葡萄水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力的显著降低。W1F2、W3F1处理下,水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力分别达到最大值。综合考虑,W2F3处理可在保证肥料偏生产力未产生下降的同时,生理指标、产量、水分利用效率达到与最优水平无显著性差异,推荐作为该研究最优处理,即灌水控制上下限为田间持水率的60%和90%,施肥量为CK的90%,可在节水21.19%~23.27%,节肥7.52%的基础上,实现稳产型温室葡萄生产。研究为温室葡萄,特别是中国东北冷寒区温室葡萄水肥一体化下最优灌溉施肥模式提供参考。

       

      Abstract: This study aims to explore the effects of water-fertilizer treatments on grapevine growth, physiology, yield, and water-fertilizer use efficiency under an integrated drip irrigation in a solar greenhouse in Northeast China. Taking 3a grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Muscat Hamburg) as the test material, the integrated management of water and fertilizer was carried out in the solar energy greenhouse from 2017 to 2019. Three irrigation levels were set in the test (W1-W3): The upper and lower limits of irrigation control for W1-W3 were 50%-90%, 60%-90% and 70%-90%θf (θf is field capacity), respectively, and three fertilization levels (F1-F3): low fertilizer F1 (60%CK), medium fertilizer F2 (75%CK), high fertilizer F3 (90%CK) and a control treatment CK, the lower limit of irrigation control of CK was 80% field capacity, and the upper limit was 90% field capacity, where the application amount of various fertilizers: N-P2O5-K2O=260-119-485 kg/hm2, a total of 10 treatments. The results were as follows. 1) The fruit expansion stage was the most important period for the grapevine length of a lateral branch under the water and fertilizer integration. In the growth index of grapevine (length of lateral branch and leaf area index), the W3F1, W2F1, W2F2, and W2F3 treatments were all positive to the CK (positive treatment means superior to or no significant difference from the treatment (P>0.05)). The flowering to fruit set stage and fruit expansion stage was the most critical period to regulate the size of leaf area index (LAI) and the growth rate of LAI of grapevine using water and fertilizer. 2) In the net Photosynthetic rate (Pn) and Transpiration rate (Tr) of grapevine leaves, the W3F2, W3F1, W2F3, and W3F3 treatments were all positive treatments, compared with the CK. Instantaneous Water Use Efficiency (WUEi) was ranged from 1.60 to 3.74 μmol/(mmol), and the W2F2, W3F1, and W3F3 treatments were all positive treatments, compared with CK. 3) The effects of irrigation amount and integrated water-fertilizer on the grapevine yield reached a significant level (P<0.01). The W3F2, W3F1, W3F3, W2F3, and other treatments were positive treatments, compared with the CK. The yield reached the maximum under the W3F2 treatment. Nevertheless, excessive irrigation and fertilization can lead to a significant decrease in the WUE and fertilizer partial productivity of grapevine. The WUE reached the maximum value under the W1F2 treatment, and the Fertilizer Partial Productivity (PFP) reached the maximum value under the W3F1 treatment. Consequently, the W2F3 treatment can remain the PFP stable, where there was no significant difference between growth index, yield, WUE, and optimal level. The W2F3 treatment was evaluated as the optimal treatment, where the upper and lower limits of irrigation water control were 60%-90% field capacity, and 90%CK (N-P2O5-K2O = 240-110-449kg/hm2) of fertilizer application can save 21.19%-23.27% water and 7.52% fertilizer. Anyway, the W2F3 treatment can be expected to realize the water-fertilizer saving, stable and efficient production of grapevine in the cold areas of Northeast China.

       

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