Abstract: Abstract: Global warming and human activities have posed a great threat to the climatic elements in drylands. The very fragile ecosystem is also highly sensitive to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. It is a serious risk to the evolutionary direction and habitability of oases in recent years. Among them, the Land Surface Temperature (LST) is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the interaction and energy exchange between the earth and the atmosphere. The spatial pattern of the surface temperature and the thermal environment in a region can be attributed to the combined effect of the regional small terrain factors and the properties of underlying surfaces. It is a high demand to explore the spatial distribution of the LST and the "source-sink" effect in the dryland oases, particularly for the local climate change patterns and the influencing factors in the arid regions. However, the oases cold island has put a great challenge on the temperature inversion and high-temperature center using remote sensing in the large-scale basins or open terrain regions. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of LST and the influencing factors in the Yanqi Basin in Xinjiang of China. The Mono-window algorithm was also utilized in this case. A quantitative analysis was performed to determine the contribution of the "source-sink" effect in the different land use/cover types to the LST change. The results showed that: 1) The land use/cover type was determined by the spatial distribution pattern of surface temperature and the "source-sink" effect. There was the strongest heat source in the unused lands. The strongest heat sink was observed in the water bodies. There was little influence of grasslands and construction lands on the land surface thermal environment. The intensity of the heat sink effect in the croplands depended mainly on the area of agricultural irrigation and crop growth conditions. 2) The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was negatively correlated with the LST. The surface temperature decreased by about 1.98 to 2.66 ℃ for every 0.1 increase in NDVI. However, more effects of the vegetation were found on the surface temperature in the cultivated, grassland, and unused land. Less effect of the vegetation was observed in the wetlands. There was also a smaller cooling effect on the vegetation in the construction lands, due to the relatively small proportion of green space in the towns and cities. 3) The slope presented the most significant impact on the gentle slope areas less than 13° at the lower elevation in the basin. The LST increased rapidly with the increase of the slope. There was a weaker effect of slope on the LST at altitudes higher than 1 252 m. The LST decreased gently with the increase of slope. 4) The cold island effect also created a unique thermal structure of the near-surface atmosphere over the Yanqi Basin Oasis. Specifically, the surface temperature rose rapidly at first, with a high-temperature center at the height of 100 to 300 m from the ground, and then gradually decreased, as the altitude rose. The atmospheric temperature inversion layer was generated on June 22. The thickness then exceeded 1 000 m on July 1. The redistribution of the slope direction on the solar radiation disappeared within the height range of 100-300 m above the Yanqi Basin Oasis surface. This absence was attributed to the high-temperature center. This finding can fill the gap in the observation data in the Yanqi Basin in Xinjiang of China.