抛送辊式百合收获机的设计与试验

代振维; 吴明亮; 方志超; 曲永波; 柳亚峰

doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202302036

抛送辊式百合收获机的设计与试验

代振维^{1, 3,},
吴明亮^{1, 2, ,},
方志超^{1, 2},
曲永波¹,
柳亚峰¹

1.
湖南农业大学机电工程学院，长沙 410128
2.
湖南省现代农业装备工程技术研究中心，长沙 410128
3.
湖南机电职业技术学院，长沙 410151

基金项目: 国家油菜产业技术体系(CARS-12)；湖南省自然科学基金项目（2021JJ60044）；湖南省自然科学基金项目（2021JJ30344）

详细信息

作者简介:
代振维，博士研究生，研究方向为根茎类作物收获机械化。Email：Daizhenwei@stu.hunau.edu.cn

通讯作者:
吴明亮，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为农业机械创新设计。Email：mlwu@hunau.edu.cn

中图分类号: S22.57+9
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-02-15
- 修回日期: 2023-05-07
- 网络出版日期: 2023-07-11
- 刊出日期: 2023-06-29

Design and test of a throwing roller type lily bulb harvester

DAI Zhenwei^{1, 3,},
WU Mingliang^{1, 2, ,},
FANG Zhichao^{1, 2},
QU Yongbo¹,
LIU Yafeng¹

1.
College of Engineering, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China
2.
Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Agricultural Equipment, Changsha 410128, China
3.
Hunan Mechanical & Electrical Polytechnic, Changsha 410151, China

摘要

摘要:
为了解决黏重土壤条件下百合收获时果土分离效果差、埋果率高、破碎率高的问题，设计了一种适合黏重土壤条件下作业的抛送辊式百合收获机。结合百合生长状况以及种植农艺要求，对果土混合物在振动输送装置、抛送辊组上的运动过程及分离作业机理进行分析，构建了黏重土块在抛送辊上抛掷碎土、碰撞碎土的动力学模型，通过分析得到了振动输送装置结构及最大摆动角度、抛送辊组级数、抛送辊轮齿数、抛送辊轮直径及轮廓尺寸等参数。根据设计结果搭建了样机并进行了作业参数的多因素试验，以果土分离机构前进速度、抛送辊转速、挖掘深度为试验因素，百合埋果率、破碎率为试验指标，运用Box-Benhnken试验方法，建立因素与试验指标的回归方程，并得到因素对百合收获指标的影响规律。当试验取最优参数组合为果土分离机构前进速度为0.6 m/s，抛送辊转速为90 r/min、挖掘深度为170 mm时，百合埋果率、百合破碎率的田间试验值分别为6.3%和7.1%。机具各项性能符合设计要求，该研究成果可为百合机械化收获技术及装备研究提供参考。
- 农业机械 /
- 设计 /
- 试验 /
- 抛送辊 /
- 百合 /
- 收获机 /
- 果土分离机构
Abstract:
Lily bulb is an underground tuber crop, which is mainly grown in southern China. At present, lily bulb harvesting mainly adopts manual excavation, resulting in low labor efficiency. Coupled with the high soil viscosity in lily bulb planting area, there are some problems in lily bulb mechanized harvesting, such as difficulty in fruit-soil separation and high damage rate of lily bulb. In order to solve the problems of poor separation effect, high rate of buried fruit and high crushing rate during lily bulb harvest in sticky soil, a kind of throwing roller lily bulb harvester suitable for operation in sticky soil was designed. The throwing roller lily bulb harvester is composed of vibration conveying device, throwing roller set, excavating shovel and other parts. It has the functions of vibrating crushing soil, throwing crushing soil and material conveying. It can effectively realize the secondary crushing of clay soil, and the separation effect of fruit-soil is good and does not hurt lily bulb, which is very suitable for the mechanical harvesting of lily bulb under the condition of clay soil. Combined with the growth condition of lily bulb and the requirements of planting agriculture, the motion process and separation mechanism of fruit and soil mixture on the vibration conveying device and the throwing roller set were analyzed, the dynamic model of throwing and colliding crushed soil on the throwing roller was established, and the relationship between the structure size of the throwing roller and the crushing of the clay-heavy soil block was established. Through the analysis, the structure and maximum swing Angle of the vibration conveying device, the series of throwing roll sets, the number of throwing roll teeth, the diameter of throwing roll and the contour size and other parameters were obtained. Through theoretical analysis and calculation, the structural parameters of vibration conveying device and throwing roller set of key components were determined. The length of vibration grating rod of vibration conveying device was 150mm, the distance between vibration grating rod was 50 mm, and the swing Angle of vibration grating rod was 59.12°. The number of teeth of the throwing roller wheel was 4 teeth. The radius of the throwing roller wheel was 250 mm. The spacing of the throwing roller wheel was 50 mm. According to the designed structural parameters, a prototype was built and the multi-factor test of operation parameters was carried out. The forward speed of the fruit-soil separation mechanism, the rotation speed of the throwing roller and the digging depth were taken as the test factors, and the embedding rate and crushing rate of lily bulb were taken as the test indicators. Box-Benhnken test method was used to establish the regression equation of factors and test indicators and the influence law of factors on lily bulb harvest index was obtained. When the optimum parameter combination was 0.6 m/s, 90 r/min and 170 mm, the field test values of the rate of buried fruit and the rate of broken lily bulb were 6.3% and 7.1%, respectively. The performance of the machine met the design requirements. The research results can provide reference for the research of mechanization harvesting technology and equipment of lily bulb.
- agricultural machinery /
- design /
- test /
- throwing roller /
- lily bulb /
- harvester /
- fruit-soil separation mechanism

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图 1 百合三轴尺寸测量图

注：L_b为百合块茎长度，mm；W_b为百合块茎宽度，mm；T_b为百合块茎厚度，mm。

Figure 1. Triaxial dimension measurement diagram of lily bulb

Note：L_b is the length of lily bulb tuber, mm; W_b is the width of lily bulb tuber, mm; T_b is the thickness of lily bulb tuber, mm.

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图 2 抛送辊式百合收获机结构示意图

1.长摇杆2.挖掘铲3.振动输送装置4.偏心轮5.传动齿轮6.三点悬挂装置 7.变速箱 8.传动系统 9.抛送辊组 10.机架 11.同步链轮组12.振动栅杆13.短摇杆1.Long rocker 2.Digging shovel 3.Vibrating conveying device 4. Eccentric wheel 5.Transmission gears 6.Three-point suspension device 7. Gearbox 8.Transmission system 9.Throwing rollers group 10.Frame 11.Synchronous sprockets 12. Vibrating grid bars 13.Short rocker

Figure 2. Structural diagram of throwing roller lily bulb harvester

注：V_m为机具前进速度，m·s⁻¹。Note：V_m is the forward speed of the machine, m·s⁻¹.

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图 3 振动输送装置结构及其运动原理图

1.偏心轮 2.连杆 3.摇杆 4.振动栅杆1.Eccentric 2.Connecting rod 3.Rocker 4.Vibrating grid bar

Figure 3. Structure and motion principle diagram of vibrating conveying device

注：θ为振动栅杆的倾斜角度，（°）；xAy为基础坐标系；L₁、L₂、L₃、L₄分别为AB、BC、CD、DA的长度，mm；φ₁、φ₂、φ₃分别为AB、BC、CD与x轴的初始角度，(°)；F_A为果土混合物在振动栅杆上的惯性力，N；F_f为果土混合物与振动栅杆之间的摩擦力，N；G为果土混合物的重力，N；F_N为果土混合物在振动栅杆上的正压力，N；ω₁为振动栅杆的摆动角速度，rad·s⁻¹。Note: θ is the inclination angle of the vibrating grid bars, (°) ; xAy is the basic coordinate system; L₁, L₂, L₃, L₄ are the lengths of AB, BC, CD, DA respectively, mm; φ₁、φ₂、φ₃ are the initial angles between AB, BC, CD and x axis, (°) ;F_A is the inertia force of the fruit-soil mixture on the vibrating grid bars, N, F_f is the friction force between the fruit-soil mixture and the vibrating grid bar, N; G is the gravity of the fruit-soil mixture, N; F_N is the positive pressure of the fruit-soil mixture on the vibrating grid bars, N. ω₁ is the angular velocity of the vibrating grid bars, rad·s⁻¹.

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图 4 抛送辊组结构图

1.六方轴 2.六方轴套 3.抛送辊轮1.Hexagonal axis 2.Hexagonal shaft sleeve 3.Throwing rollers

Figure 4. Structure diagram of the throwing rollers group

注：T_c为两相邻抛送辊轮的间距，mm；T为六方轴套的外径，mm。Note：T_c is the spacing between two adjacent throwing rollers, mm; T is the outside diameter of hexagonal sleeve, mm.

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图 5 黏重土块抛掷过程分析

注：ω₂为抛送辊轮的角速度，rad/s；Δh为黏重土块抛掷高度，mm。

Figure 5. Analysis of the throwing process of clay-heavy block

Note：ω₂ is the angular velocity of the throwing roller, rad/s; Δh is throwing height for clay-heavy blocks.

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图 6 黏重土块破碎过程分析

注：F_p为抛送辊对百合造成的碰撞力，N；r_t为球状黏重土块的半径，mm；F_n1、F_n2、F_n3为交错抛送辊轮对黏重土块造成的碰撞力，N；G₁、G₂为分离后两土块的重力，N；F_u1、F_u2为黏重土块的粘结力，N；L_a、L_b为分离后两土块质心与O点的水平距离，mm，取L_a=L_b=3/8r_t；L_c、L_d为后两级抛送辊轮与O点的垂直距离，mm，取L_c=L_d=0.5r_t。

Figure 6. Analysis of crushing process of clay-heavy block

Note: F_p is the impact force caused by the throwing roller on lily bulb; r_t is the radius of the clay-heavy block; F_n1、F_n2、F_n3 are the collision forces caused by the interleaved throwing rollers on the clay-heavy block, N; G₁、G₂ are the gravity of the separated two blocks, N; F_u1、F_u2 are the bond forces of the clay-heavy blocks, N; L_a、L_b are the horizontal distance between the center of mass and O point, mm, taking L_a = L_b=3/8r_t; L_c、L_d are the vertical distance between the last two stages of throwing roller and O point, mm, taking L_c=L_d=0.5r_t.

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图 7 抛送辊轮拨指运动轨迹

注：S_m为抛送辊轮与六方轴套的半径差，mm，取S_m=1/2（D_t-T）=107 mm；S_n为两相邻抛送辊轮余摆带的间距，mm，取S_n=20 mm；S_t为抛送辊轮转动一周前进的距离，mm；T为六方轴套外径，mm。

Figure 7. Movement trajectory of the wheel finger of the throwing roller

Note: S_m is the radius difference between the throwing roller and the hexagonal shaft sleeve, mm, S_m=1/2(D_t-T)=107 mm, S_n is the distance between the two adjacent throwing roller residual swing belt, mm, S_n=20 mm; S_t is the forward distance of throwing roller rotation one week,mm; T is the outside diameter of hexagonal shaft sleeve, mm.

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图 8 抛送辊轮结构尺寸图

注：R₁、R₂、R₃、R₄、R₅、R₆分别为抛送辊轮外形轮廓线过渡圆弧的半径，mm。

Figure 8. Structural dimension diagram of throwing roller

Note：R₁、R₂、R₃、R₄、R₅、R₆ are the radius of the transition arc of the profile line of the throwing roller, mm.

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图 9 样机田间试验

Figure 9. Field test of prototype machine

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表 1 抛送辊式百合收获机主要技术参数

Table 1 Main technical parameters of throwing roller lily bulb harvester

参数Parameters	值Values
整机尺寸（长×宽×高）Size of whole machine (length×width×length)/(mm×mm×mm)	1400×1680×960
配套动力Mating power /kW	60～80
输出转速Output speed /(r·min⁻¹)	540
收获幅宽Working width/mm	1600
挖掘深度Digging depth/mm	0～300
作业速度Working speed/(km·h⁻¹)	1.4～2.8
生产效率Productivity/(hm²·h⁻¹)	0.2～0.4

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表 2 试验因素编码表

Table 2 Experimental factors codes

水平 Level	机具前进速度 Machine forward speed X₁/（m·s⁻¹）	挖掘深度 Digging depth X₂/mm	抛送辊转速 Throwing rollers rotation speed X₃/（r·min⁻¹）
−1	0.4	160	80
0	0.7	180	100
+1	1.0	200	120

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表 3 试验方案与结果

Table 3 Experiment scheme and results

序号 No.	X₁/（m·s⁻¹）	X₂/mm	X₃/（r·min⁻¹）	埋果率 Rate of buried fruit Y₁/%	破碎率 Rate of damage Y₂/%
1	0.7	160	80	15.0	4.3
2	0.7	180	100	8.4	11.0
3	0.7	180	100	8.8	10.6
4	0.7	200	120	23.8	20.6
5	1.0	180	80	16.4	3.4
6	0.7	160	120	18.3	21.4
7	0.4	180	80	16.3	4.9
8	0.7	180	100	8.2	11.3
9	0.4	180	120	18.5	22.7
10	0.7	180	100	8.1	10.7
11	1.0	180	120	16.9	19.1
12	1.0	200	100	14.2	9.2
13	0.7	200	80	26.8	4.1
14	0.4	200	100	11.3	13.6
15	0.7	180	100	4.7	11.5
16	0.4	160	100	4.1	14.3
17	1.0	160	100	4.9	10.1

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表 4 回归方程方差分析

Table 4 Variance analysis of regression equations

试验指标 Test index	方差来源 Sources	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	F值 F value	P值 P value
埋果率 Rate of buried fruit	模型	694.89	9	35.39	0.0001**
	X₁	0.605	1	0.2773	0.6147
	X₂	142.81	1	65.46	0.0001**
	X₃	1.13	1	0.5156	0.496
	X₁X₂	1.1	1	0.5053	0.5002
	X₂X₃	0.7225	1	0.3312	0.583
	X₁X₃	9.92	1	4.55	0.0704
	X₁²	9.25	1	4.24	0.0784
	X₂²	25.64	1	11.75	0.011*
	X₃²	497.27	1	227.93	0.0001**
	残差	15.27	7
	失拟项	4.18	3	0.5025	0.7008
	误差	11.09	4
破碎率 Rate of damage	模型	595.73	9	213.97	0.0001**
	X₁	23.46	1	75.84	0.0001**
	X₂	0.845	1	2.73	0.1424
	X₃	562.8	1	1819.26	0.0001***
	X₁X₂	0.01	1	0.0323	0.8624
	X₂X₃	1.1	1	3.56	0.101
	X₁X₃	0.09	1	0.2909	0.6064
	X₁²	0.5232	1	1.69	0.2346
	X₂²	0.7695	1	2.49	0.1588
	X₃²	5.59	1	18.08	0.0038**
	残差	2.17	7
	失拟项	1.58	3	3.58	0.125
	误差	0.588	4
注：P<0.01（极显著，*）；0.01≤P<0.05（显著，）。
Note: P<0.01 (highly significant, *); 0.01≤P<0.05 (significant, ).

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表 5 优化条件下各评价指标的实测值

Table 5 Experimental value of evaluation indices at optimal condition %

收获方式 Ways of harvest	埋果率 Rate of buried fruit	破碎率 Rate of damage	总损失率 Total loss rate
4DK-160型抛送辊式百合收获机 4DK-160 throwing roller lily harvester	6.3	7.1	13.4
4B-160型链杆式块茎作物收获机 Chain-link tuber harvester	12.8	4.7	17.5
振动筛式块茎作物收获机 Vibrating screen tuber harvester	14.5	8.3	22.8

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