Design and test of the T-shaped hole of centrifugal high-speed maize precision seed metering device
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摘要:
针对离心式高速玉米精量排种器双粒种子并排填充导致重播严重的问题，该研究提出利用型孔槽对称凸台结构降低玉米种子并排填充概率的方法，设计了一种T形槽型孔。通过构建充种阶段玉米种子的力学模型，并结合玉米种子的形状特征确定了T形槽型孔基本结构参数。借助EDEM离散元仿真软件，以型孔槽前端长度、型孔槽后端面倾斜角以及型孔槽底部倾斜角为因素，以合格指数、重播指数与漏播指数为评价指标，设计二次正交旋转回归组合仿真试验。仿真试验结果表明：在作业速度18 km/h条件下，型孔槽前端长度为9.31 mm，型孔槽后端面倾斜角为43.37°与型孔槽底部倾斜角为70.5°时，排种质量最优，排种合格指数、重播指数与漏播指数分别为94.03%、1.72%与4.25%。台架验证试验结果表明：作业速度为15 km/h时，T形槽型孔的合格指数最高为95.16%，在此作业速度下，排种器的重播指数为1.42%，漏播指数为3.42%，满足高速精量播种要求；作业速度在12 ~ 21 km/h内时，T形槽型孔的平均合格指数为94.77%，相较于矩形槽型孔提升了3.13个百分点，相较于蹄型槽型孔提升了1.80个百分点，T形槽型孔的平均重播指数为2.06%，相较于矩形槽型孔降低了3.41个百分点，相较于蹄型槽型孔降低了2.49个百分点。该研究可为离心式高速玉米精量排种器优化提供参考。
Abstract:Agricultural production has been dominated by mechanization in recent years. High-speed precision seeding can fully meet the requirements of high-efficiency mechanized planting. There is a high demand for the stable and excellent operational performance of the precision seed metering device. In this study, a T-shaped hole was designed to update the existing centrifugal maize precision seed metering multiple seeding. The hole-shaped symmetric tab structure was also proposed to reduce the probability of maize seed side-by-side filling. A systematic analysis was made to clarify the influence of the structural parameters in a T-shaped hole on the process of sowing. The size of the maize seed was combined to determine the values of some structural parameters of a T-shaped hole. The range of the factors was selected for the subsequent orthogonal tests. Specifically, the length of the front, the rear inclination angle, and the inclination angle of the bottom inclination angle were from 8.64 to 15.36 mm, 41.64° to 48.36°, and 64.59° to 81.41°, respectively. A three-factor three-level quadratic orthogonal rotational regression test was conducted on EDEM software using the structural parameters as test factors, while the qualified, multiple and leakage indexes as evaluation indexes. ANOVA and response surface optimization were then performed on Design Expert 13 software. A combination of optimal structural parameters was achieved in the T-shaped hole: the length of the front was 9.31 mm, the rear inclination angle was 43.37°, and the inclination angle of the bottom inclination angle was 70.5°. The predicted qualified, multiple and leakage indexes were 95.44%, 0.9% and 4.48%, respectively. Three groups of simulations were carried out to verify the optimization under the same conditions. At the same time, the qualified, multiple and leakage index of seed metering device were 94.03%, 1.72% and 4.25%, respectively. There was close to the predicted value, indicating the accurate optimization of quadratic orthogonal rotary regression. A bench test was carried out to verify the reliability of the simulation and the effectiveness of T-shaped hole, in terms of reducing multiple indexes. The qualified index of the seed metering device was 94.54% when the operating speed was 18 km/h. The relative error with the simulation was 0.54%, indicating the reliability of simulation optimization. When the working speed is 12～21 km/h, the qualified index of T-shaped hole is not less than 94.36%, the multiple index is not higher than 3.26%, and the leakage index is not higher than 3.60%, and the average qualified index of T-shaped hole is 94.77%, which is improved by 3.13 percentage points compared with rectangular shaped hole, and 1.80 percentage points compared with horseshoe shaped hole; the average mutiple index of T-shaped hole was 2.06%, a decrease of 3.41 percentage points compared to rectangular shaped holes and a decrease of 2.49 percentage points compared to horseshoe shaped hole.
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Keywords:
- agriculture machinery /
- simulation /
- maize /
- high speed seeding /
- shaped hole /
- EDEM
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图 1 离心式高速玉米精量排种器结构示意图
1.种箱 2.毛刷 3.长轴 4.第一轴承 5.平键 6.槽轮 7.支撑环 8.第二轴承 9.软管 10.前壳体 11.螺丝 12.垫片 13.T形槽型孔 14.排种盘 15.第三轴承 16.后壳体 17.第四轴承 18.短轴
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of centrifugal high-speed maize precision seed metering device
1.Seed box 2.Brush 3.Long shaft 4.First bearing 5.Flat key 6.Grooved wheel 7.Support ring 8.Second bearing 9.Flexible tube 10.Front shell 11.Screw 12.Spacer 13.T-shaped hole 14.Seeding plate 15. Third bearing 16.Rear shell 17. Fourth bearing 18. Short shaft
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图 2 离心式高速玉米精量排种器工作原理示意图
Ⅰ.充种阶段 Ⅱ.清种阶段 Ⅲ.投种阶段 Ⅳ.回流阶段
Figure 2. Working principle diagram of centrifugal high-speed maize precision seed metering device
Ⅰ. Seed filling stage Ⅱ. Seed clearing stage Ⅲ. Seed discharging stage Ⅳ. Returning stage
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图 3 玉米种子模型图
注：l为种子长度，mm；w为种子宽度，mm；h为种子厚度，mm
Figure 3. Model diagram of maize seed
Note: l is seed length, mm; w is seed width, mm; h is seed thickness, mm.
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图 5 T形槽型孔结构示意图
注：H为型孔槽深度，mm；α为型孔槽前端面倾斜角，（°）；β为型孔槽后端面倾斜角，（°）； L1为型孔槽前端长度，mm；L2为型孔槽后端长度，mm；W1为型孔槽前端宽度，mm；W2为型孔槽后端宽度，mm；θ为型孔槽底部倾斜角，（°）；r0为型孔槽底部圆角半径，mm。
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of T-shaped hole
Note: H is the depth of shaped hole, mm; α is the front inclination angle of shaped hole, (°); β is the rear inclination angle of shaped hole, (°); L1 is the length of the front of shaped hole, mm; L2 is the length of the rear of shaped hole, mm; W1 is the width of the front of shaped hole, mm; W2 is the width of the rear of shaped hole, mm; θ is the bottom inclination angle of shaped hole, (°); r0 is the bottom corner radius of shaped hole, mm.
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图 6 玉米种子充种姿态
注：FN为型孔对种子的支持力，N；Fc为种子的离心力，N；T为前壳体对种子的支持力，N；Fc*为Fc沿前壳体壁面方向的分量，N；M1为FN产生的旋转力矩，N·mm；M2为T和FC产生的旋转力矩，N·mm；黑色虚线代表前壳体壁面。
Figure 6. Posture of maize seed filling
Note: FN is support force of shaped hole to seed, N; Fc is centrifugal force, N; T is support force of front shell to seed, N; Fc* is component of Fc along front shell wall, N; M1 is revolving torque generated by FN , N·mm; M2 is revolving torque generated by Fc and T, N·mm; The black dashed line represents the front shell wall.
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图 8 型孔底部区域划分
注：R0为类球型种子等效直径，mm；U为型孔与前壳体间隙，mm。
Figure 8. Bottom area division of shaped hole
Note: R0 is the equivalent diameter of the spheroid seed, mm; U is the gap between the shaped hole and front shell.
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图 9 充种阶段受力分析
注：f1为型孔对种子的摩擦力，N；f2为前壳体对种子的摩擦力，N；G为种子重力，N；T*为前壳体对种子支持力在半径方向的分力，N；f1*为f1在半径r方向的分力，N；f2*为f2在半径r方向的分力，N；G*是G在半径r方向的分力，N；Fe为种子受到的合力，N。
Figure 9. Force analysis of seed filling stage
Note: f1 is friction of shaped hole to seed, N; f2 is friction of front shell to seed, N; G is gravity of seed, N; T* is the support force component of front shell to seed along radial r, N; f1* is component of f1 along radial r, N; f2* is component of f2 along radial r, N; G* is component of G along radial r, N; Fe is the combined force on seed。
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图 10 充种阶段运动学分析
注：S为种子从型孔槽顶部运动到底部经过的距离，mm
Figure 10. Kinematic analysis of seed filling stage
Note: S is distance of seed traveling from top of shaped hole to bottom, mm。
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图 11 不同β角条件下的充清种分析
注：P为前端种子对后端种子的支持力，N；M3为Fc与P产生的翻转力矩，N·mm。
Figure 11. Analysis of seed filling and claering under different β
Note: P is the support force of the front-end seed to the back-end seed, N; M3 is the flipping torque generated by Fc and P, N·mm.
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图 15 排种过程重漏播仿真分析
Figure 15. Simulation analysis of multiple and leakage seeding during seed discharging
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图 16 因素间交互作用对排种性能影响的响应面
Figure 16. Response surfaces of influence of interaction between factors on seeding performance
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图 17 试验台架
1.排种器性能检测仪 2.定量供种装置 3.排种器 4.齿轮减速器 5.直流无刷电机 6.光电传感器 7.矩形槽型孔 8.蹄形槽型孔 9.T形槽型孔
Figure 17. Test bench
1. Performance detection device of seed metering device 2. Quantitative seed feeding device 3.Seed metering device 4.Gear speed reducer 5. Brushless direct current motor 6. Optical transducer 7. Rectangular shaped hole 8. Horseshoe shaped hole 9. T-shaped hole
表 1 玉米种子尺寸和分布占比
Table 1 Maize seed size and proportion
指标
Index马齿型 Dent type 类球型 Spheroid type 扁圆型 Oblate type 棱型 Row type 长
Length宽
Width厚
Thickness长
Length宽
Width厚
Thickness长
Length宽
Width厚
Thickness长
Length宽
Width厚
Thickness平均值Average/mm 11.73 8.88 5.12 10.07 8.69 7.27 11.34 10.17 5.40 11.70 8.39 5.96 标准差
Standard deviation/mm0.80 0.75 0.54 1.24 1.05 1.14 1.11 0.71 0.49 0.76 0.97 0.71 占比Proportion/% 62.8 17.8 4.3 15.1 
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表 2 仿真模拟参数
Table 2 Numerical simulation parameter
项目Item 参数Parameter 数值Value 玉米种子 密度/(kg·m−3) 1204 泊松比 0.4 剪切模量/Pa 1.37×108 种子-种子 碰撞恢复系数 0.233 静摩擦因数 0.182 动摩擦因数 0.051 种子-树脂 碰撞恢复系数 0.580 静摩擦因数 0.390 动摩擦系数 0.036 种子-铝合金 碰撞恢复系数 0.880 静摩擦因数 0.490 动摩擦系数 0.012
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表 3 试验因素和水平
Table 3 Factors and levels of experiment
水平
Levels型孔槽前端长度
The length of the front of hole L1/mm型孔槽后端面倾斜角
The rear inclination angle of hole β/( ° )型孔槽底部倾斜角
The bottom inclination angle of hole θ/( ° )1.682 15.36 48.36 81.41 1 14.00 47.00 78.00 0 12.00 45.00 73.00 -1 10.00 43.00 68.00 -1.682 8.64 41.64 64.59
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表 4 试验方案及试验结果
Table 4 Experimental design and result
序号
No.x1 x2 x3 合格指数
Qualified indexY1/%重播指数
Multiple
indexY2/%漏播指数
Leakage
indexY3/%1 -1 -1 -1 91.63 2.39 5.98 2 1 -1 -1 72.51 13.14 14.35 3 -1 1 -1 85.26 1.59 13.15 4 1 1 -1 74.1 9.16 16.74 5 -1 -1 1 92.43 1.59 5.98 6 1 -1 1 83.67 8.36 7.97 7 -1 1 1 84.06 1.59 14.35 8 1 1 1 83.26 3.59 13.15 9 -1.6828 0 0 91.24 1.59 7.17 10 1.6828 0 0 76.9 10.75 12.35 11 0 -1.6828 0 90.04 5.18 4.78 12 0 1.6828 0 77.29 2.39 20.32 13 0 0 -1.6828 84.86 4.78 10.36 14 0 0 1.6828 86.85 1.99 11.16 15 0 0 0 90.43 2.79 6.78 16 0 0 0 92.03 1.59 6.38 17 0 0 0 90.83 2.39 6.78 18 0 0 0 89.6 1.99 8.41 19 0 0 0 92.03 3.19 4.78 20 0 0 0 92.83 1.59 5.58 21 0 0 0 88.84 2.79 8.37 22 0 0 0 92.43 2.39 5.18 23 0 0 0 91.63 1.59 6.78 注：x1、x2、x3分别为L1、β和θ的水平值。 Note: x1, x2 and x3 are the level values of L1, β and θ.
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表 5 模型方差分析
Table 5 Variance analysis of model
方差来源
Source合格指数 Qualified index 重播指数 Multiple index 漏播指数 Leakage index 平方和
Sum of
squares自由度
Degree of
freedomF P 平方和
Sum of
squares自由度
Degree of
freedomF P 平方和
Sum of
squares自由度
Degree of
freedomF P 模型 Model 817.91 9 26.47 <0.0001** 231.75 9 45.95 <0.0001** 371.06 9 18.39 <0.0001** x1 299.52 1 87.23 <0.0001** 132.23 1 235.95 <0.0001** 33.73 1 15.04 0.0019** x2 89.71 1 26.13 0.0002** 14.85 1 26.50 0.0002** 177.57 1 79.19 <0.0001** x3 39.64 1 11.54 0.0048** 18.38 1 32.79 <0.0001** 4.04 1 1.80 0.2027 x1x2 31.68 1 9.23 0.0095** 7.90 1 14.10 0.0024** 7.94 1 3.54 0.0825 x1x3 53.66 1 15.63 0.0017** 11.40 1 20.34 0.0006** 15.60 1 6.95 0.0205* x2x3 2.00 1 0.58 0.4590 0.00 1 0.00 0.9963 1.99 1 0.89 0.3634 x12 113.51 1 33.06 <0.0001** 36.1 1 64.42 <0.0001** 21.58 1 9.63 0.0084** x22 126.00 1 36.70 <0.0001** 7.01 1 12.50 0.0037** 73.58 1 32.81 <0.0001** x32 66.24 1 19.29 0.0007** 4.34 1 7.75 0.0155* 36.67 1 16.35 0.0014** 残差Residual 44.64 13 7.29 13 29.15 13 失拟Lack of fit 30.05 5 3.30 0.0655 4.41 5 2.45 0.125 16.24 5 2.01 0.1809 误差Pure error 14.59 8 2.88 8 12.91 8 总和Total 862.55 22 239.03 22 400.21 22 注：**表示影响极显著 (P≤0.01)；*表示影响显著 (0.01<P<0.05)。 Note: ** means highly significant (P≤0.01); * means significant (0.01<P<0.05).
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表 6 试验因素水平
Table 6 Factors and levels of test
水平
Level型孔类型
Type of shaped hole作业速度
Working speed/(km·h−1)1 矩形 12 2 蹄形 15 3 T形 18 4 21
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表 7 试验结果
Table 7 Results of experiment
型孔类型
Type of shaped hole工作速度
Working speed/(km·h−1)合格指数
Qualified index/%重播指数
Multiple index/%漏播指数
Leakage index/%矩形
Rectangular12 90.96 6.62 2.42 15 92.78 3.94 3.28 18 91.62 5.90 2.48 21 91.22 5.38 3.40 蹄形
Horseshoe12 93.58 3.64 2.78 15 93.72 3.52 2.76 18 92.88 4.34 2.78 21 91.72 6.68 1.60 T形
T-shaped12 95.02 1.38 3.60 15 95.16 1.42 3.42 18 94.54 2.16 3.30 21 94.36 3.26 2.38
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