Root zone and deep soil salinity dynamics and suitable groundwater depth for salt control in the Hetao Irrigation District
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摘要:
浅地下水埋深诱发的土壤次生盐碱化是干旱灌区面临的重要生态环境问题。为探讨河套灌区根系层-深层土壤盐分动态及适宜控盐埋深，该研究基于内蒙古河套灌区隆胜研究区68块灌溉农田连续2 a生育期初和生育期末0～1.80 m的土壤盐分、地下水埋深、地下水盐分的监测和作物种植类型的调查，分析了根系层-深层土壤盐分时空动态、季节性平衡机制、多个因素（如气象条件、地下水埋深、地下水矿化度、作物类型和生育期初土壤盐分等）间相互作用对生育期土壤盐分变化的影响，探明了土壤盐分对地下水年际和季节性埋深的响应。结果表明，根系层土壤盐分均在生育期积盐，休耕期脱盐；深层土壤盐分均在生育期脱盐，休耕期积盐。作物类型、生育期初（5月初）地下水埋深、生育期地下水埋深、地下水盐分及生育期初根系层土壤盐分均对生育期根系层土壤盐分变化有显著影响（P<0.05）。地下水状况与其他各因素的相互作用对生育期根系层土壤盐分变化的影响与水文年型有密切的关系。生育期初根系层土壤盐分随着地下水埋深的增大而指数减小，土壤盐分小于均值的取样点地下水埋深不小于1.60 m。当年均地下水埋深小于2.50 m，不同土层的盐分值和盐分降低速率随地下水埋深的增加而降低。在地下水埋深小于2.50 m的条件下，以概率分布法得出根系层土壤盐分中位数对应的年均适宜临界控盐地下水埋深为1.77 m，土壤盐分远大于中位数或均值的取样点的地下水埋深均小于该埋深。因此，从控盐角度考虑，建议该研究区地下水埋深生育期初应不小于1.60 m，年均地下水埋深应不小于1.77 m。研究结果可为河套灌区通过灌溉制度的设计和排水措施的合理布局控制地下水埋深提供理论依据。
Abstract:Soil salinization is a main environmental and ecological problem in irrigated agro-ecosystems especially for the area with shallow groundwater table. Most previous studies mainly focused on the surface and root zone soil salinity, however, the knowledge on spatio-temporal dynamics of soil salinity for both root zone and deep soil as well as driving factors, and the recommended seasonal and annual groundwater depth for salt control was rarely addressed. In this study, 68 cropland sampling experiments and investigations related to soil salinity from the top soil to the depth of 1.80 m, groundwater depth and salinity, and crop types were carried out before and after the crop growing season of 2017-2018 in the Hetao Irrigation District. Soil salinity statistical characteristics showed that the standard deviation of soil salinity in time and space became larger with increasing of temporal mean and spatial mean. The root zone (within depth of 0-0.60 m) soil salinity in the crop growing season were accumulated and desalinated in the fallow season, which was opposite for changes of the deep (within depth of 0.60-1.80 m) soil salinity. The multi-factor variance analysis of variance showed that the driving factors including crop type, groundwater depth at the beginning of crop growing season, averaged groundwater depth in the crop growing season, groundwater salinity and root zone soil salinity at the beginning of crop growing season had significant effects on root zone soil salinity changes in the crop growing season (P<0.05). The influence of groundwater condition and other factors on root zone soil salinity change during crop growing season was closely related to the hydrological year type. At the beginning of crop growing season, the soil salinity in the root zone decreased exponentially with increasing groundwater depth, and the sampling locations with soil salinity below average had a minimum groundwater depth of 1.60 m. Both salt value and salt reduction rate decreased with groundwater depth increased across different soil layers when the average annual groundwater depth was less than 2.50 m. Thus, the sampling locations were selected where the groundwater table depth was less than 2.50 m, and then the median of root zone soil salinity and groundwater depth was obtained by the frequency analysis method. The annual suitable critical control groundwater depth for soil salinity median was 1.77 m. The groundwater depth of sampling locations where soil salinity was significantly higher than the median or mean value were less than 1.77 m. Therefore, in order to control soil salinity, it is recommended that the groundwater depth should be no less than 1.60 m at the beginning of crop growing period, and to maintain an average annual groundwater depth of at least 1.77 m. The research results will provide theoretical support for the design of irrigation scheduling and the rational layout of drainage projects for similar irrigation area in the arid area.
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Keywords:
- soils /
- salts /
- crops /
- Hetao Irrigation District /
- groundwater /
- groundwater depth
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图 1 研究区及土壤盐分、地下水观测点位置
Figure 1. Study area and locations of soil salinity sampling and groundwater observation wells
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图 2 4次取样时间不同深度土壤盐分累积频率分布
注：Y1705、Y1709、Y1805、Y1809分别表示2017年5月初、2017年9月末、2018年5月初、2018年9月末，下同。 Note:Y1705, Y1710, Y1805, and Y1809 represent early May 2017, the end of September 2017, early May 2018, and the end of September 2018, respectively. It’s similarly hereinafter.
Figure 2. Distribution of soil salt accumulation frequency at different depths during 4 times of sampling
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图 3 不同时间所有取样点土壤盐分的空间均值和其标准差
Figure 3. Soil salinity mean and standard deviation in space at different sampling times
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图 4 各指标对作物生育期根系层土壤盐分变化的影响
注：图中阴影为拟合线95%置信区间。
Figure 4. Effect of each factor on root zone soil salinity changes during crop growing period
Note: shaded parts are 95% confidence intervals of fitted lines.
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图 5 生育期初根系层土壤盐分与地下水埋深的关系
注：（×）表示该数据点未纳入模型，主要是由于该点样本较少(仅有3个)，盐分变异大。
Figure 5. Relationship between root zone soil salinity and groundwater depth at the beginning of crop growing period
Note: (×) indicates this data point was not included in the model because that there were only 3 samples for this point, and large soil salinity variations.
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图 6 2017—2018年平均地下水埋深的空间分布和不同土层土壤盐分均值的空间分布
Figure 6. Spatial pattern of average groundwater depth and spatial pattern of average soil salinity (SS) at different soil depths
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图 7 不同土层4次取样土壤盐分均值与年均地下水埋深的关系
Figure 7. Relationship between annual averaged groundwater depth at different soil depths and soil salinity at 4 sampling times
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图 8 根系层盐分、年均地下水埋深频率及适宜年均地下水埋深的确定
Figure 8. Frequency of root zone soil salinity, annual groundwater depth and determination of suitable annual groundwater depth
表 1 土壤盐分的空间均值和季节性变化
Table 1 Spatial mean and seasonal changes of soil salinity
(dS·m−1) 土层
Soil depth/m土壤盐分 Soil salinity 土壤盐分季节性变化 Soil salinity seasonal changes Y1705 Y1709 Y1805 Y1809 2017S1 2017S2 2018S1 0～0.6 0.32 0.34 0.29 0.30 0.01 −0.04 <0.01 ＞0.6～1.2 0.33 0.28 0.33 0.29 −0.04 0.05 −0.04 ＞1.2～1.8 0.29 0.26 0.29 0.26 −0.03 0.04 −0.03 0～1.8 0.32 0.29 0.31 0.28 −0.03 0.02 −0.02 注：2017年和2018年生育期土壤盐分的变化标记为2017S1和2018S1，休耕期Y1709到Y1805土壤盐分的变化标记为2017S2。某一季节内土壤盐分的变化是季节末土壤盐分值与季节初盐分值的差值。 Note: The changes of soil salinity in the crop growing period of 2017 and 2018 were labeled as 2017S1 and 2018S1, and the changes of soil salinity in the fallow period from Y1709 to Y1805 were labeled as 2017S2. The change of soil salinity in a certain season is the difference between the soil salinity at the end of the season and the salinity at the beginning of the season. 
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表 2 生育期根系层土壤盐分变化的多因素方差分析
Table 2 Multi-factor variance analysis for root zone soil salinity change during crop growing period
因素
FactorsF值 F value 2017干旱年
Arid year of 20172018湿润年
Wet year of 2018PC 20.81** 10.47** GWDM 16.61** 23.19** GWD 33.91** 14.27** GWS 63.26** 12.47** RTSC 111.86** 7.35* PC×GWDM 20.36** 26.00** PC×GWD 10.27** − GWDM×GWD 7.26** 4.42* GWDM×GWS 12.19** − GWD×GWS 21.03** − GWD×RTSC 20.55** − GWS×RTSC 13.25** − PC×RTSC − 3.67* PC×GWD×RTSC − 10.64** PC×GWS×RTSC − 9.17** GWD×GWS×RTSC − 5.47* PC×GWDM×GWD 52.88** − PC×GWDM×GWS 20.43** − 注：**表示在0.01水平上显著；*表示在0.05水平上显著。 Note: ** indicates significant at the 0.01 level, and * indicates significant at the 0.05 level.
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表 3 5月初不同地下水埋深下根系层土壤盐分
Table 3 Root zone soil salinity under different groundwater depth in early May
(dS·m−1) 地下水埋深
Groundwater
depth/m2017 2018 n Mean ± SD Q25 Q75 n Mean ± SD Q25 Q75 ≤1.20 11 0.417±0.173a 0.293 0.458 4 0.513±0.151a 0.434 0.568 1.40 5 0.450±0.462a 0.209 0.332 4 0.291±0.131b 0.203 0.348 1.60 11 0.218±0.118b 0.159 0.200 3 0.544±0.256a 0.446 0.689 1.80 11 0.309±0.273b 0.166 0.336 6 0.254±0.109b 0.205 0.252 ＞1.80 27 0.302±0.181b 0.207 0.301 50 0.267±0.117b 0.186 0.292 注：n是取样位置数；SD是土壤盐分均值的标准差；Q25和Q75是土壤盐分的下四分位数和上四分位数；相同字母表示各组间盐分值无显著差异（P＞0.05）。 Note: n is the number of sampling locations; SD is the standard deviation of the mean soil salinity; Q25 and Q75 are the lower quartile and upper quartile of soil salinity. The same letter indicates no significant difference in salt values between groups (P＞0.05).
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