喷雾飘移的风洞试验和回归模型

    Wind tunnel experiment and regression model for spray drift

    • 摘要: 为了掌握农药喷雾飘移的规律,从而为控制农药飘移到非靶标区域提供理论支持和技术依据,论文测试了由风洞地面向上0.1~0.5 m放置的5根间隔0.1 m以及水平方向距地面0.1 m高从2~6 m放置的5根间隔1 m的聚乙烯收集线所收集的含荧光示踪剂的雾滴,由荧光分析仪测定了收集线上的荧光剂含量,分析了不同位置处的雾滴沉积和飘移。针对TeeJet公司的XR 11002延长范围扇形喷头、AIXR 11002气吸扇形喷头、TT 11002广角扇形喷头和TTI 11002涡流气吸型喷头在不同位置处的雾滴飘移试验、得到不同类型的喷头在不同风速和药剂时的雾滴飘移结果。结果显示,随着垂直高度和水平距离的增加,雾滴的沉积减少。风速增大时,垂直高度0.1~0.5 m和水平距离2~6 m的雾滴飘移都会更加严重。气吸扇形和涡流气吸型结构的喷头能产生更大尺寸雾滴,减少飘移量。采用SPSS软件建立了包含采样距离、风速、喷头类型和药剂类型在内的多变量非线性雾滴飘移特性模型,经检验,该回归模型的拟合度在0.847以上,此模型有助于降低喷雾飘移的风险,为气象条件的选择、雾滴沉积区域的预测、缓冲隔离区的确定、防飘施药技术的研究和喷施药剂药械的配套选用提供技术指导。

       

      Abstract: Abstract: With greater environmental awareness, the movement of pesticides within and off of a spray target area is a critical public concern. Ideally, all of the material applied should be deposited within the targeted swath on the intended pest or plant. But realistically, a portion of the spray remains airborne and is carried downwind to non-target areas. Airborne spray leaving the targeted area reduces the applied dosage, and could cause damage to neighboring plant and water source or other detrimental environmental impacts. To study the influences of nozzle type, spray mixture and wind speed on spray drift, experiments were conducted using a wind tunnel. Spray drift risk was assessed by adding a tracer to the spray mixture and measuring the quantities of spray deposited downwind from the nozzle on horizontal polythene lines with 2 mm diameter perpendicular to the wind direction in a vertical and a horizontal array. At a distance of 2 m downwind from the static nozzle, five collector lines (V1 to V5) were positioned one above the other at the spacing of 0.1 m to provide an estimate of the spray still airborne through this vertical profile. An additional five sampling collector strings (H1 to H5) were placed in a horizontal array with one-meter horizontal spacing at 0.1 m height to determine the fallout volumes and gradients of the spray from 2 to 6 m downwind. A water-soluble fluorescent tracer was dissolved into tap water as the spray liquid, and after the experiments, the collecting lines were washed with deionized water to measure deposit and drift. The results indicated that deposits on sampling collector decreased with increased vertical elevation and horizontal distance. Average fallout and airborne deposit resulting from the different spray applications were shown in the paper. These figures showed the expected fallout and airborne profiles for all tested nozzle types and sizes. The highest fallout deposits were measured at a position closest to the nozzle (H1) with a systematic decrease with the distance from the nozzle. The highest airborne deposits were found at the lowest sampling collector (V1) with a systematic decrease with increasing height above the wind tunnel floor. Airborne spray drift was affected by wind speed. At all sample positions, deposits on collectors were reduced at lower wind speed. Nozzle's structure was also found to influence droplet's size, so injector/pre-orifice nozzle produced coarser droplets and reduced spray drift. The amount of spray recovered is based on the amount of active ingredient of spray mixture within each droplet rather than the total droplet volume. On that basis, a multiple non-linear model for statistical drift prediction including four independent, non-correlated variables (target distance, wind speed, nozzle type and chemical type) was established. The regression model provided a drift evaluation approach, and it was important in the interpretation of wind tunnel data for different nozzle types, chemical types and sampling methodologies.

       

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