Abstract: Comparative test between running on the road and simulated test of rubber O-ring roller chain for agricultural machinery was carried out. Test results showed that wear characteristic was increased by a big margin and its wear life was longer than ordinary roller chain for agricultural machinery when lubrication condition of hinge friction pair was improved. Wear mechanism of O-ring roller chain and ordinary roller chain were illustrated. Wear surface morphology was microstructure analyzed. Main wear style of rubber O-ring roller chain is stress fatigue wear. Main wear style of ordinary roller chain was changed because of different operating modes.