Abstract: Residues from agricultural and forestry processing have special and important significance in Chinese rural energy structure. Appropriate exploration and utilization of residues will be helpful to solve the problems of rural energy shortage and environmental pollution. Research on fast pyrolysis of residues for bio-oil production was carried out on a laboratory-size fluidized bed reactor, especially on the effect of heating rate. Rapid heating of raw materials make solid particle pass charring zone at lower temperature more quickly to reduce char production, while improve bio-oil production. Furthermore, the influence of materials on pyrolysis were also investigated. Rice straw is more suitable for gasification, while wood has its advantage in bio-oil production. This is mainly because higher ash content in residues is disadvantageous to obtain high quality bio-oil production. Upgrading of bio-oil is necessary for its inferior property and complex composition. Combined with the utilization of by-products, residues from agricultural and forestry processing can be utilized as a clean energy source.