Abstract: The research on the inner evolvement law of rural residential land should be strengthened especially in the era of rapid socio-economic transition, which is of great significance to the rural residential land consolidation nowadays. Taking the mountainous area of Beijing as study case, the interactional relationship between the distribution changes of rural residential land and three environmental aspects including natural environment, product environment and social-economic environment was analyzed, by using GIS and landscape ecology method. Results show that rural residential land spatial distribution is affected by slope, altitude and the their distance to farmland, town and road, while its spatial distribution change is correlated more closely by the distance from farmland to town and road. Also, this paper analyzed the change trend of the rural residential land briefly, which can offer an academic basis for the rural residential land consolidation in practice.