Abstract: Hydrogen as a clean and renewable energy resource will be further developed and utilized in the future. Progresses in microbial fermentative hydrogen production and hydrogen-producing microoflora in recent years were reviewed in the present paper. The advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen production by pure strains and mixed strains were compared. Pure strains have higher hydrogen productivity, but fermentation condition is strict, cost is high. Mixed strains have extensive sources, with extensive use of substrate, and fermentation does not require sterilization with greatly lower costs. The main associated problems were analyzed and research prospects are put forward.