Abstract: To study effects of straw-returning on soil fertility, the six treatments (straw-returning, decomposed manure and combined organic manure and chemical fertilizer, etc.) were conducted based on 18-year location experiment in Ningxiang. In this experiment the effects of straw-returning and decomposed manure treatments on soil physical and chemical properties, nutrient status and crop yields, especially the difference of fertilizing effect between straw-returning and traditional mode on decomposed manure application were analyzed. The results show that the effects of straw-returning and decomposed manure on fertilizing effect of soil are similar. The straw-returning and decomposed manure treatments can improve the soil physical and chemical properties and increase the crop yields. So the decomposed manure can be superseded by the straw-returning treatment.