Abstract: Based on the analysis of agricultural land comprehensive productivity connotation in China, the theoretical system of agricultural land comprehensive productivity and potential productivity were explained. Agricultural land comprehensive productivity and potential productivity in different levels were discussed with calculation method. Then taking Northeast China as example, agricultural land comprehensive productivity and potential productivity were calculated, spatial distribution law was and the production potential areas were classified, which could offer the theoretical basis and technological support for providing realizing cultivated lands protection and food security in Northeast China.