Abstract: With the contradiction of global grain supply and demand sharpening continually in recent years, foreign scholars worry whether the sharp rise in the meat consumption in Chinese food structure is the main reason for global food tightness for the grain prices rising constantly. This paper analyzes the supporting capacity of crop straw for animal husbandry of China and food security of residents with the method of energy and energy value theory, and draws the conclusion that China’s agricultural production should transform from the past model of mainly producing food into the integrated production model of maximizing agricultural biomass based on food nutrition for food consumption changes of residents. Crop straw is also the important agricultural product as crop grain, but most of it has not been fully utilized. This paper finds that China’s main crop straw resource energy is huge by calculating, and according to the calculation, the wasted main crop straw resource energy in 2006 can be transformed into 5952.76 million tons meat product which is 73.93% of China’s output of meat products in 2006, therefore China’s comprehensive agricultural production capacity can completely meet the demand of Chinese food consumption transformation for agricultural product growth in recent years. The key question currently is how to intensively use agricultural resources and improve agricultural comprehensive utilization of biomass. The main crop straw resources in China have the characteristics of spatial distribution imbalance. The crop straw resources of different regions in China appear the north-south and east-west differences because of climate, soil and planting system. The main crop straw resources are relatively abundant in northeast while poor in southwest of China as a whole.