Abstract: Account of agricultural production capacity is the deepening and extension of cultivated land classification and gradation, which is very important for the implementation of the strategic objectives of cultivated land protection. On the basis of cultivated land classification and gradation results, through investigating supplementary sampling points, this paper carries out the accounting of agricultural production capacity in Jiangsu Province, and analyzes its spatial pattern and variation under the province-scale, and explores its impact factors. The results showed that the spatial variation law of agricultural production capacity at different levels could be basically same. The size of production capacity showed the features of northern part > middle part > southern part in Jiangsu Province, which was mainly affected by the distribution pattern of arable land area, therefore, cultivated land area was an important guarantee of food security, and the rational development of cultivated land reserve resources was an important way to increase cultivated land production capacity in the future. From the distribution law of cultivated land yield per unit, it showed that the spatial distribution of the theoretical yield per unit could be the same as the realizable yield per unit. It was larger in the northern and southern part than in middle part. The spatial distribution of the actual yield per unit was more complicated, which was showing a distribution of the characteristics of island, and island of the most high-value areas was in the Lixiahe Plain District; organic matter, agricultural irrigation and drainage conditions and the utilization factor were province-scale leading factors affecting the yield of cultivated land. The difference of the impact factors of cultivated land production capacity in all districts was obvious. By taking correct measures, the status of the production capacity can be completely control of Jiangsu Province, and the basis for macro-controlling and adjusting the regional land resources can be provide. Meanwhile, according to different indicators of the dominant impact factors in different districts, cultivated land production capacity can be increased in the future.