Abstract:
Winter wheat is the most important crop for Huanghe-Huaihe-Haihe (H-H-H) region of China, which has the characteristics of large planting area, high yield per unit area and high total yield and so on. Base-fertilizer application is an important process of winter wheat production, which directly affects the yield of winter wheat. At present, base-fertilizer of winter wheat is applied to the surface of farmland by manure spreader or laborers in the H-H-H region of China, and the moldboard plow or rotary tiller is used to bury the base-fertilizer underground, but these methods have the shortcomings of disorderly application of fertilizer, and have caused great harm to the agricultural environment because of excessive application of fertilizer and low utilization efficiency. The precisely stratified and depth-fixed application method of base-fertilizer for winter wheat is a perfect way to improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizer. On the stratified and depth-fixed application method of agronomic research in the base-fertilizer, a stratified and depth-fixed application method of base-fertilizer for winter wheat based on soil-covering rotary tillage was proposed in this paper, and the application device was set up. The device could implement rotary tillage, separated layer fertilization and compacting at the same time. The device was mainly composed of 8 parts: frame, deep fertilizer box, shallow fertilizer box, precise fertilizer control system, compacting device, mechanism of complete fertilizer layered device, rotary tilling device, depth-controlled component. The rotary tilling device was equipped with variable speed gearbox, which could convert between between high, medium and low rotate speed. National standard IT245 rotary blade was selected for the rotary tilling device and was arranged on the knife roller by a symmetrical spiral line. Through kinematic analysis of rotary blade and soil block, the mathematical model of the positions of fertilizer outlet orifice of the deep and shallow fertilizer tube and the depth of fertilization target was established. The mechanism of complete fertilizer layered device was designed and manufactured based on the mathematical model. The fertilizer layered mechanism could be adjusted longitudinally and laterally according to the requirements of the fertilize depth. In order to test the performance of stratified and depth-fixed application device, an experiment was designed and conducted at the National Experiment Station for Precision Agriculture located in Xiaotangshan Town, Beijing City on October 2017. The maximum rotary tillage depth error of the device is 5 mm, and the minimum coefficient of rotary tillage depth stability is 93.84% under 3 kinds of target rotary tillage working condition of 120, 150 and 180 mm. The result indicated that the rotary tilling device could meet the technical requirements of national standard. When the target application depth of the shallow and deep fertilizer was 80 and 150 mm, the coefficient of the shallow and deep actual fertilizer depth stability was 92.38% and 95.11% respectively, and the qualified rates of the shallow and deep actual fertilizer depth were 83.33% and 90% respectively. The result indicated that the stratified and depth-fixed application device could meet the technical requirements of rotary tillage and fertilizing. The research can provide equipment support for the mechanization of precisely stratified and depth-fixed application of base-fertilizer for winter wheat and improve the application efficiency of base-fertilizer in H-H-H region of China.