Abstract: Abstract: With the rapid industrialization and urbanization, the food security in China is not only just about maintaining a growth of total grain production, but also about keeping the increase of grain yield at a sustainable and steady pace. For the purpose of food security and social development, it is meaningful to study the yield increasing potential of grain and its spatial differentiation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plai, one of the main grain production areas of China. According to the land use data, this study selected 309 counties in this area as research units and used the method of exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) to investigate the spatial distribution pattern of balanced yield increasing potential. On the basis of the balanced thoughts, this study established a theoretical framework of promoting further grain productivity growth in study area. The balanced growth of grain yield consists of 3 progressive types (spatial, temporal and functional balanced growth of grain yield). Spatial balanced growth of grain yield, which is easy to achieve, is to make the small spatial cell (such as county) with different productivities of food reach a balanced and quite higher output. Increasing gain yield evenly in space can be achieved by adopting a series of measures on land consolidation. Using advanced science and technology to achieve multiple cropping is called temporal balanced growth of grain yield. The balanced yield increasing is not only to increase the biological output (grain production) but also to synergistically improve the other functions of cultivated land, which is functional equilibrium. The process to achieve the balanced growth of grain yield is gradual. This paper revealed the spatial balanced yield increasing potential of grain and its spatial differentiation in the main grain production areas in China. The methods included an analysis of the approaches to improve grain yield in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain based on balanced thoughts, calculation of the balanced yield increasing potential by using land use data in 2012, and description of its spatial differentiation of the study area. Then, the spatial distribution pattern of balanced yield increasing potential was analyzed by using the method of spatial autocorrelation analysis and GIS technology. Additionally, according to the distribution result and yield increasing potential of the 309 counties, the land consolidation types of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain were classified. The result showed that the balanced yield increasing potential of grain was 3 304.57×104 t approximately, the spatial quality potential was 2 413.74×104 t and the spatial quantity potential was 890.83×104 t in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. By comparing the potential of grain production calculated using different methods, it was easy to conclude that the main mode to increase output was to improve the quality of cropland by upgrading medium-and low-yield farmland. In addition, the potential of the southern part of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain was higher than that of the northwestern part. The spatial balanced yield increasing potential of grain, the yield increasing potential in different ways and the strength index of yield increasing potential all showed the remarkable characteristic of spatial distribution. Meanwhile, there was a positive autocorrelation in spatial distribution of yield increasing potential. Spatial agglomeration types were High-High and Low-Low type. According to the distribution pattern of spatial agglomeration and the yield increasing potential, the land consolidation of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain was divided into 4 types, which were the same as the potential sources of grain yield increasing. This study provides valuble information for setting up directions and developing ways of equilibrium increasing output based on local conditions of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.