Inspiration of waste resource utilization in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore for China

A large amount of agricultural waste has been produced in the process of production and living. Agricultural waste has enormous biological potential, referred to as a "misplaced resource". It is in high demand for an important measure to promote the utilization of agricultural waste resources for the prevention and control of non-point source pollution under the living environment in rural revitalization. A series of regulations and standards have been introduced to fully utilize straw, livestock, and poultry manure in recent years. Planting and raising are combined into a cycle from "treatment" to "reuse". However, China's agricultural waste reuse has just started, compared with the developed countries. Crop straws and domestic manure are either returned to the field or used as low-value-added feed and fertilizer in China, whereas the high-value-added use has not taken shape yet. Existing policies and regulations cannot fully meet the demand at present, due to mismatched planting and animal raising, under-developed technology, and equipment for manure reuse. It is urgent to require innovative technology, in order to reduce the severe nutrient loss of organic fertilizer and insufficient use of remaining nutrients in the field. It is still lacking research on the treatment of agricultural waste resources. The unreasonable disposal of agricultural waste has caused serious environmental pollution and a large amount of resource waste. The treatment of agricultural waste has been confined to better accelerate modern agriculture in rural areas. As important agricultural countries in the world, Australia and New Zealand have established relatively mature recycling systems for agricultural waste. This study aims to sort out the related technology systems in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore using field research. A summary was formed from their typical experiences and practices in innovation, platform building, talent training, and application. A strong reference was then provided for the highly efficient reuse of waste in China. As such, the pollutant emission was reduced to improve the mechanization concerning waste reuse. Australia formed a technology system of "Resource +"; New Zealand was a synergistic treatment system of "Waste Source Reduction + Process Control"; and Singapore shared a new anaerobic fermentation for turning municipal domestic waste into resources. The key technologies were reviewed for the waste reused as a resource, equipment for manure returning to the field, and local treatment of manure for small and medium-sized animal-raising farms. The innovation platform was improved to establish a host of world-class laboratories for green agriculture. The manure returning to the field was enhanced to combine the planting and animal raising, in order to promote the integrated application in green agriculture.