Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on water consumption, hay yield and quality of alfalfa under subsurface drip irrigation

Kou Dan; Su Derong; Wu Di; Li Yan

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.02.015

Volume 30 Issue 2

Jan. 2014

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Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE) > 2014 > 30(2): 116-123. > DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.02.015

Kou Dan, Su Derong, Wu Di, Li Yan. Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on water consumption, hay yield and quality of alfalfa under subsurface drip irrigation[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2014, 30(2): 116-123. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.02.015

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Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on water consumption, hay yield and quality of alfalfa under subsurface drip irrigation

1.
Center for Grassland Resources and Ecology Research, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
2.
College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100083, China

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Received Date: September 16, 2013
Revised Date: January 06, 2014
Published Date: January 14, 2014

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Abstract: Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) and regulated deficit irrigation（RDI）are two of the most water-saving irrigation technologies nowadays. In order to study effects of regulated deficit irrigation on forage water consumption, hay yield and quality of alfalfa under subsurface drip irrigation, a field experiment was carried out in 2012 at Shiyang River Drainage Basin, northwest of China. Alfalfa used for the experiment is the second cutting of the establishment year, and the cutting is separated into 3 periods, including pre-branching period, branching period and squaring period. There are seven irrigation treatments in the experiment design. Four of the seven treatments are regulated in whole growth period, lower irrigation limits respectively 70% FC (field capacity)、60% FC (field capacity)、50% FC (field capacity)、40% FC (field capacity), and three are regulated in different growth periods, lower irrigation limits of pre-branching period, branching period and squaring period of different treatment respectively (50%, 50%, 70%)FC, (60%, 60%, 70%)FC, (70%, 70%, 50%)FC. When the soil water content arrives to the designed lower irrigation limit, each plot starts to irrigate. Irrigation amount is 20mm every time. According to these treatments, the effect on water consumption, hay yield and quality of alfalfa of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) under subsurface drip irrigation(SDI) are studied. The results show with the deterioration of the water deficit degree, alfalfa yield, water consumption, stem/leaf ratio and yield of crude protein (CP) decrease while WUE (water use efficiency) and content of the crude protein (CP) increase， and 60%FC is a critical value. When the lower irrigation limits are higher than 60%FC, hay yield of alfalfa decrease non-significantly, however, when lower than 60%FC, hay yield decrease significantly. While RDI (regulated deficit irrigation) is taken in the whole growth period, squaring period>branching period>pre-branching period appears in water consumption rate during different periods of alfalfa. And this law is more and more significant with the increasing of the water deficit degree. When RDI (regulated deficit irrigation) is taken in branching period, water consumption rate of alfalfa have apparent compensation effect after sufficient irrigation in squaring period. Compared with regulating deficit in squaring period, taking RDI (regulated deficit irrigation) in pre-branching and branching period is more conducive to improve alfalfa quality by reducing stem/leaf ratio and improving content of crude protein (CP) and yield of crude protein. When lower irrigation limits of pre-branching period, branching period and squaring period are 60%FC, 60%FC and 70%FC respectively, alfalfa has the highest crude protein yield (846.11kg/hm2). This study reveals the effects of RDI on water consumption, yield and quality of alfalfa under SDI and provides an experimental base of high quality, high yield and water saving in alfalfa industry in arid areas.
- irrigation,
- evapotranspiration,
- quality control,
- SDI,
- RDI,
- alfalfa,
- yield

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[1]	0.7447 Bb0.5561 Cc0.7168 Bb0.7504 Bb0.9657 Aa粗蛋白质量分数Content of CP/%18.73 BCcd19.72 ABCbcd20.49 ABab21.71 Aa21.60 Aa20.28 ABCabc18.17 Cd粗蛋白产量Yield of CP/(kg·hm-2)833.96 Aa802.14 Aab716.67 ABb579.16 Bc810.82 Aab846.11 Aa763.13 Aab注：CP指粗蛋白；大写字母表示变量之间在p<0.01水平差异显著，小写字母表示变量之间在p<0.05水平差异显著。Note: CP=crude protein. The capital letter in the table is significant differences between variables at p<0.01 level, while the small letter is significant differences at p<0.05 level.3 讨论苜蓿的干草产量是指刈割时苜蓿的地上部分生物量，90%以上的生物量来源于绿色组织的光合作用。调亏灌溉使不同生长阶段苜蓿地的土壤水分处于不同程度的亏缺状态，水分的亏缺抑制了苜蓿的光合作用，从而导致光合产物减少，苜蓿的干草产量下降[1]，本文得到了与之一致的结论。另外，文章结果表明，当土壤含水率高于60%FC时，随水分亏缺苜蓿的产量下降不显著，但是低于60%FC时，产量急剧下降，董国锋[10]研究了甘肃秦王川灌区全生育期调亏对紫花苜蓿产量的影响，研究结果也是当土壤含水率低于60%FC时，随亏水程度增加产量出现显著下降。这说明土壤水分低于60%FC时，土壤有效水含量减少，抑制了苜蓿的吸水，紫花苜蓿开始出现干旱胁迫。干旱胁迫的出现一方面使光合作用下降，光合产物减少；另一方面，为了吸收深层土壤水分，提高苜蓿的抗旱能力，分配给苜蓿根系的光合产物的比例增加，导致地上部分的分配比例减少。这两个原因致使苜蓿产量急剧下降。本试验分枝前期和分枝期调亏与现蕾期调亏在产量上未表现出显著性差异。西北旱区地下调亏滴灌对紫花苜蓿的耗水规律有明显的影响。随亏水程度增加，灌溉量不断减少，耗水量不断减少，而水分利用效率不断增大。全生育期调亏，生育期间的耗水强度呈现现蕾期>分枝期>分枝前期的规律，并且随着亏水程度的增加，规律愈加明显。杨磊[16]研究了甘肃民勤荒漠绿洲区调亏灌溉对第一茬紫花苜蓿耗水规律的影响，结果表明现蕾期的耗水强度在各生育期最大，分枝期次之，返青期最低，与本文结果一致。另外，文章结果表明，分枝前期和分枝期调亏的紫花苜蓿，在现蕾期复水后耗水强度有明显补偿效应。产量和品质是紫花苜蓿生产的关键，产量的提高是同化物积累的结果，而品质的改善是同化物在不同物质形态间转化的结果。目前在美国市场上出售的苜蓿，主要根据其粗蛋白含量进行等级划分，按质论价[18-19]。紫花苜蓿的蛋白含量较高，其主要来源是叶片，叶片在整株苜蓿中所占的比例是影响紫花苜蓿蛋白质含量的主要因素。本研究中，无论是全生育期调亏还是针对某个生育期进行调亏，随亏水程度的加重，紫花苜蓿的茎叶比减小，这与Halim[11]、文霞[20]及赵金梅[21]等的研究结果是一致的，并且Halim[11]还指出，水分亏缺条件下紫花苜蓿的茎叶比减小一方面是由于成熟度延迟，另一方面是由于水分亏缺对茎生长的抑制作用大于叶。苏亚丽[22]、文霞[20]等研究表明，灌溉量和粗蛋白含量呈负相关关系，随灌溉量减少，粗蛋白含量逐渐增加，这与本文的研究结果是一致的，这是因为灌溉量增加后，苜蓿茎叶比随之增加，致使叶片在植株中占的比例减小，从而导致粗蛋白含量随灌水量增加而减少。紫花苜蓿在分枝前期及分枝期进行调亏干重茎叶比和粗蛋白含量均高于现蕾期调亏，说明分枝前期及分枝期调亏紫花苜蓿的品质要优于现蕾期调亏。苜蓿经济效益的提高，一方面要提高产量，另一方面要改善品质。虽然亏水会降低紫花苜蓿的茎叶比，提高粗蛋白含量使得品质提高，但是同时亏水会导致苜蓿的产量降低，甚至产量下降的程度要大于粗蛋白含量提高的程度，从而使得粗蛋白产量下降。因此，在紫花苜蓿生产中，单从产量或品质角度来制定灌溉制度是不合理的，应兼顾两者，这就凸显了蛋白质产量这个指标的重要性。试验结果表明，随着亏水程度的加重，紫花苜蓿的粗蛋白产量下降，且与全生育期调亏及现蕾期调亏相比，分枝前期及分枝期调亏对粗蛋白产量的提高更加明显。综合地下调亏滴灌对苜蓿干草产量、干重茎叶比及粗蛋白含量的影响，可以得到，在保证干草产量不显著下降的前提下，处理A5可以显著提高苜蓿品质。粗蛋白产量的结论与之一致。另外，处理A1与A5之间的耗水量无显著差异。综上可以得出，利用地下滴灌将苜蓿分枝前期及分枝期土壤水分调亏到60%FC，而现蕾期充分供水可以实现西北旱区紫花苜蓿的高产、优质、节水生产。4 结论1）地下滴灌条件下，无论是全生育期调亏还是针对某个生育期进行调亏，随着亏水程度的加重，紫花苜蓿的干草产量下降，且当灌水下限低于60%FC时，全生育期调亏及分枝前期和分枝期调亏苜蓿的干草产量极显著下降，认为在此土壤水分条件下，苜蓿开始出现干旱胁迫。2）地下滴灌条件下，调亏灌溉对苜蓿的耗水规律影响明显。全生育期调亏，生育期间的耗水强度呈现现蕾期>分枝期>分枝前期的规律，并且随着亏水程度的增加，规律愈加明显。分枝前期和分枝期调亏的紫花苜蓿，在现蕾期复水后耗水强度有明显补偿效应。3）地下调亏滴灌影响紫花苜蓿的品质。亏水会导致苜蓿的干重茎叶比下降，粗蛋白含量提高，从而提高苜蓿品质，但是亏水同时会导致苜蓿大幅度减产，从而使粗蛋白产量降低。紫花苜蓿在分枝前期及分枝期进行调亏，不但干重茎叶比和粗蛋白含量均高于现蕾期调亏，而且粗蛋白产量也高于现蕾期调亏。4）地下滴灌条件下，苜蓿分枝前期、分枝期和现蕾期的灌水下限分别为60%FC、60%FC和70%FC可以实现西北旱区紫花苜蓿的高产、优质、节水生产。［参考文献］[1]洪绂曾. 苜蓿科学[M]. 北京：中国农业出版社，2009：1－12.
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